Hydraulic shock absorber



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Patented Dec. 2, 194'? Admit HYDRAULIC SHOCK ABSGRBER Charles Raymond Waseige, Rueil, France; vested in the Attorney General of the United States Application May 6, 1941, Serial No. 392,169 In France June 8, 1940 4 Claims.

This invention relates to the hydraulic shock absorbers, more particularly adapted to be used in landing gears for aircraft, of the kind comprising two bodies telescopically sliding relatively to each other, the relative displacement f said bodies being effected in the one direction by the action of an external force against a yielding medium and causing a liquidusually oil-to be forcibly driven through a passage, the free section of which is relatively large, and in the other direction by the action of the expansion of said medium which has been energized by compression, the speed of this expansion being limited by the thro-ttling of the liquid flow.

Where the aforesaid yielding medium is cornpressed air contained in a chamber the volume of which varies in response to the relative position of said bodies, the shock absorbers are known as hydro-pneumatic shock absorbers,

The shock absorbers adapted to be used on aircraft are required no-t only to be strong enough to resist without risk of failure all the strains likely to be encountered in use, but also to be of light weight, as compact as possible, and able to be tilted in every direction without impairing the operation thereof. The last-mentioned characteristic is particularly useful in case the shock absorber is to be mde a part of a retractable landing gear for the housing of which only a very limited space is available in the airplane structure.

One essential object of. this invention is to provide a new and improved construction of shock absorber fully answering to the special requirements and conditions of use on aircraft and remarkable in that the space into which the saine can be lodged, at rest, is very small relatively to its power.

In view of this main object, the present invention consists in a hydraulic shock absorber of the aforesaid kind in which the relative displacement of the two bodies telescopically sliding relatively to each other in the direction of the eXtension of the assembly corresponds to the energization course of the yielding medium, while the relative displacement of said bodies in the direction of the contraction of the assembly corresponds to the deenergization course, the speed of which is braked by throttling the iiow of liquid.

This results in a construction of shock absorber the length of which, in the yposition of rest` is reduced to a minimum as compared with the usual constructions hitherto used.

In accordance with a preferred embodiment of this shock absorber, the saine comprises two tubular bodies one of which is provided with a bottom member and serves as a cylinder and the other of which, having a smaller diameter than the first one and sliding therein, is closed at the end thereof which is inserted in said first body by a one-way valve adapted to be pressed upon its seat by the liquid returning from the first body into the second body as the shork absorber is contracting, said valve being adapted then to present a throttled passage for the now of liquid.

The second or inner tubular body may conveniently serve as a cylinder for a sealing piston engaging with the walls thereof and normally co-ntacting with the upper surface of the liquid therein, said piston having a passage normally closed by a valve which is adapted to open-preferably automatically-as said piston rises in said body above a predetermined level, thus allowing the shock absorber to be drained for lling same.

Oil leakages are thus avoided whatever may be the angle of inclination of the shock absorber.

When using compressed gas as the aforesaid yielding medium-and this is an advantageous feature of the invention-the second or inner tubular body carries at the end inserted in the first or outer body a sealing device acting as a piston, while another sealing device or a stuffing box carried by said outer body clamps the second body where it emerges from said outer body so as to form between the two bodies a sealed annular chamber of substantial space into which compressed gas is introduced whose volume varies in proportion but in a reverse ratio with the length of the shock absorber.

This gas chamber may easily be given a suflicient inner space to allow of dispensing with any additional reservoir requiring delicate piping and couplings. U

The present invention has also for its oblect a landing gear embodying a shock absorber the eX- pansion course of which corresponds to its energization and which advantageously though not necessarily comprises the aforesaid features, and more particularly a landing gear of the klnd described in U. S. Patent application No. 226,569, led on the 24th of August, 1938. now Patent No. 2264.923, dated December 2, 1941, in which said shock absorber acts as an accumulating device and is carried by the foldable elements of the gear so as to accumulate energy during the lifting of the gear and to restore this energy during the descent of the gear controlled thereby at a speed limited thereby.

In a preferred embodiment, in which said landing gear consists of a supporting frame hinged to the structure of the aircraft and carrying a wheel or the like and of a folding strut holding said frame in depressed or lowered position, the shock absorber of the aforesaid kind is coupled between the upper part o-f said frame and the lower part of said strut without requiring the provision of a hinged system therebetween.

Other .features and advantages of this invention will ybe apparent from the following description and the accompanying drawings, given solely as an example and in which:

Fig. l is a sectional elevation of a shock absorber, the middle part being broken'away;

Fig. 2 shows diagrammatically the assembly on a reduced scale with the elements `rinanother position;

Fig. 3 shows a landing gear vaccor-ding to the invention in which its low position and, in Idotted lines, part of its elements in an intermediate position;

Fig. 4 is a corresponding front View.

The two cylindrical or tubular bodies 1| and 2 vare telescopicalh7 mounted relatively to `each other. The outer body "or tube I, ii. e., that of larger diameter, has abottom member 3 underneath which said tube is integrally .connected with fastening devices by vnieans .of AVwhich it may be -operated and secured. Other :devices `adapted to fasten the vshock absorber are integral with a jointing member V5 connected by a .screw-thread with the upper end of the inner body or cylinder. Member 5 also serves as a head `or v'end wall for `the outward end of the inner tubular member 2.

The bottom member 3 is provided with a passage 6 communicating with'the outside through a non-return valve member 1 co-acting with a seat presented by a pipe union or coupling 8 lnormally closed'by a cap |20. 'The valve'mernber 1 adapted to be used for lling the shock absorber with liquid, carries a protruding .stem I2 by Ameans of which said member may be opened from the outside. A similar valve |6,mounted 4by vmeans of a coupling VI'i on the wall ofthe outer tube I, permits of introducing compressed gas into the .latter, said valve being protected by 1a cap 20. .A pressure gauge 2| is lconnected with `coupling I1. It is thus seen that a fixed vquantityof compressed gas is introduced into the annular space 'between tubular members I and 2. The tube 2 acts as a piston inside the outer tube I "and, for this purpose, it carries on the one hand Jat its vlower end `a series of sealing gaskets vengaging 4with the inner wall of said outer tube 1; 'on Athe other hand, the part of said inner tube .2 Athat emerges -from Vsaid outer tube .I is :surrounded by a stuffing-box 2'1 mounted in the latter Iat the upper end thereof. Said stuing-box 2I is covered by a layer of grease protected by a 'washer 3| which is held in position by a flanged collar 32 having a threaded engagement with the upper end o body I.

A plug 35 is screwed to the lower end of the inner tubular body 2 'and is provided with a central opening '36 the mouth of which is formed as a seat for a perforated plate-valve `31. In front of said seat, the plug 35 Ycarries a stop flange 38 adapted to limit the downward or'opening .movement of valve 31. Plug 35 also serves `as a .head -or end wall for the inward 'end ofthe inner tubular member 2.

At its upper endtheinner tube 12 communicates with the open air by 'means of ports 40 provided in its side wall and registering with `openings 4I provided in the jointing member 5. The latter serves as a stop for a piston adapted to slide freely in the inner tube 2 andsealed in. thc tube sisting Vof two Vlinks as cylinder 2 by means of a gasket 46 carried by said piston and engaging with the wall of said tube 2. Inside said piston 45 is provided a recess 48 permanently connected with the inside of tube 2 between said piston and the plug 35. An axial bore 52 connects said recess 48 with the upper portion of the mentioned space in tube 2. -Said Lbore 52 is .enlarged .'a't its lower parlt so as to form the seat of VYa valve`55 'having a stem projecting through the bore. A spring inserted in the recess d3 urges said valve 55 against its seat. The whole vdevice is so arranged that the stem 55 engages with the jointing member 5 for opening the valve 55 when piston 45 abuts against said jointing member at the end of its stroke.

To condition the shock absorber for use, the chamber formed between the sealing gaskets 25 and the stuing box 21 is lled with compressed air through the valve I6 which causes the gaskets, together with the inner tube 2, to be yieldingly urged downwardly as inFig. il, 'the position of rest for the shock absorber corresponding to the abutment of theplug `35 against the bottom member 3. Oil is then introduced into the shock absorber -through the 'coupling S8 `so as to fill the interior ci tube y2. During `the filling operation, :the piston f4.5 is Ilifted in accordance with the rise of the liquid. When `the piston preaches the end of its stroke, as `shown in Eig. 1, the valve 55 opens, 'thereby relieving any :air that -may overlie the 'layer or liquid. The appearance of leakage oil issuing through the .holes TID indicates that the -lling operation is completed.

During use, the .extension `strokez'c'orresponds to :the compression of the air cushion and to the free flow of liquid through the op'eningz 'at the `lower part of tube 2. :Asvsoon as this stroke is `completed, the compressed air tends to return the tube 2 downwardly 'and to :return the liquid into 'said tube During this movement (Fig 2), the valves?! closes itself andthe .liquid can only ilow thro-ugh the hole nr holes provided .at the 4center oisaid valve, which throttles the .flow and causes vabra-'kingaction reducing thenspeed .of expansion of the shock absorber.

As :shown in Fig. .2, the piston :45 follows the variations yor the liquid level, isolates the liquid .from 'the surrounding `air fand -avoi'ds any :leakrage,V particularly in 'inclinedposi'tions of the .shock absorber.

Figs. 3 and 4 show a landing wge'arin which the new shock `absorber acts .as 'an accumulator during its descent.

This landing gear ,comprises .substantially one or .two landing gearush'onk absorbers |100, tof the usualkind, to the end of which alanding wheel or the like lili is secured. This shock absorber is supported at its upper end by a clamping collar 93 hinged 'to lthe aircraft structure through the medi-urn of a Ashaft |04. Each landing gear shock .absorber |513 :is held by afolding strut kcon- 'IilB `and |01 Vhingedly jointed together at lofi and one of which, |06, is pivoted to the aircraft structure, while-.the other, I0'I,-is pivoted to a :collar I-I-I clamping the 'shock absorber |65 vat .its lower end.

A shock 'absorber .12D according to Ythe .present invention loi 'the-above .described type I 2.0 Yis drectly coupled'between atpivot I2I carriedby the vcollar Iii-i and a pivot *|22 carriedby thellink |01. As viewed in Figa, this 'shock absorber I2D is entirely hidden at the front bythe conventional shock absorber Ill' and thus takes no eXtra space in the transverse direction.

It will be assumed that the "landing gear is of the driving hinge connection kind and comprises a lifting motor assembly contained in a casing 25 arranged at the hinge connection |09 of the links |06 and |01.

This landing gear is completed by low and high position locking devices, respectively, consisting of iingers |29 and |30 co-acting with hooking systems |3| and |32. A landing gear of this kind is described in U. S. Patent application No. 226,569 filed on the 24th of August, 1938, under the name of the applicant.

The described landing gear operates as follows:

During the lifting stroke effected in response to the operation of the relative rotation of the links |05 and |01 by the driving mechanism contained in the casing |25, the link |01 swings in the direction of the arrow f relatively to the shock absorber |00. This causes extension .of the shock absorber |20, i. e., a compression of the air or the like contained therein and an accumulation of expansive power therein. The linkage is so arranged that at the end of the lifting stroke, as shown in dotted lines, the pivot |2| is located above the shaft |04, so that the turning couple imparted to the landing gear by the shock absorber |20 is slightly negative though remaining smaller than that produced by the weight of the landing gear, so as to relieve the locking device |30-I 32 when the landing gear is lifted.

For lowering the gear, the finger |3@ is disengaged, which causes the gear to move down under the conjoint action of its own weight and of the force imparted to it by the shock absorber jack |20, which at the same time acts as a brake for limiting the speed of this lowering stroke.

While I have illustrated and described the preferred form of construction for carrying my invention into elTect, this is capable of variation and modification, without departing from the spirit of the invention. I therefore do not wish to be limited to the precise details of construction set forth but desire to avail myself of such variations and modifications as come within the scope of the appended claims.

What I claim is:

1. In a hydraulic shock absorber of the type involving slidably telescoped tubular members, the outer of the tubular members having one end closed, an end wall for the inward end of the inner tubular member, the outward end of the inner tubular member being open to the atmosphere, rst stuiling means carried by the inward end of the inner member in slidable sealing relation to the interior of the outer member, second stufng means at the end of said outer member opposite its closed end, said second stuiling means being in slidable sealing relation to the exterior of the inner member, means establishing permanent communication between the interior of said inner member and the interior of the outer member at a point between said i'lrst stuifing means and the closed end of the outer cylinder, a xed quantity of resilient uid means in the space dened between the inner and outer members and said rst and second stufling means, said resilient iluid means being introduced into said latter space at greater than atmospheric pressure, a floating piston slidably mounted in said inner tubular member, passage means formed in said piston for establishing communication between the interior of said inner member and the outside atmosphere, normally closed valving means in said passage, and means for automatically opening said valving means when said pist0n slides a predetermined distance toward the outward end of said inner tubular member.

2.l In a hydraulic shock absorber of the type involving slidably telescoped tubular members, the outer of the tubular members having one end closed, end walls respectively for the inward and outward ends of the inner tubular member, rst stuing means carried by the inward end of the inner member in slidable sealing relation to the interior of the outer member, second stuiiing means at the end of said outer member opposite its closed end, said second stuffing means being in slidable sealing relation to the exterior of the inner member, means establishing permanent communication between the interior of said inner member and the interior of the outer member at a point between said rst stufng means and the closed end of the outer cylinder, a Xed quantity of resilient fluid means in the space defined between the inner and outer members and said rst and second stuing means, said resilient fluid means being introduced into said latter space at greater than atmospheric pressure, passage means formed at the outward end of said inner tubular member and establishing communication between the interior of said inner member and the outside atmosphere, a piston freely sliding in said inner tubular member and arranged to approach the inward end wall of said inner member thereby dividing the inner tubular member into inner and outer compartments, said piston being formed with an opening therethrough, the ends of said opening respectively communicating with said compartments, a spring closed valve on said piston normally closing the opening in the piston, and a body of liquid iilling the space between the closed end of the outer cylinder and said rst stuiing means and also filling said inner compartment, said spring closed valve having an element arranged to engage the outward end wall of the inner member so as to open the valve whenever the piston is moved to a position adjacent to said outward end wall.

3. A hydraulic shock absorber comprising an outer tubular member closed at one end, an inner tubular member slidably telescoped in said -outer member, end walls respectively for the outward and inward ends of said inner tubular member; first stuffing means carried by said inner member and establishing Huid-tight sliding engagement between it and said cuter member thereby forming a rst space between the proximate ends of said outer and inner members and said rst stufling means, second stuiiing means closing the outward end of said outer member around said inner members to form a duid-tight second space defined between said outer and inner members and said iirst and second stulling means, means providing permanent communication -between the interior of said inner tubular member and said rst space, a fixed quantity of resilient uid means compressed at greater than atmospheric pressure in said second space and effective at all times as a main spring means to resist the extension of said inner and outer members and thereby being adapted to expand to return said inner member into said outer member, liquid means within said flrst space and within the interior of said inner member, means arranged to throttle the flow through said permanent connection means between thel interior of the inner member and said rst space as said inner member is returned into said outer member from an outdrawn position, a piston freely slidable in said inner tubular member between said respective end Walls, the `outward end of the inner member being provided with at least one passage leadingifrom the outside atmosphere into the vinterior of said inner member at a point located between the outward end wall and said piston, a conduit extending longitudinally through said piston, valve means normally closing said conduit, and means arranged to open said valve means as said piston moves to a position adjacent to the outward end wall of said inner tubular member.

4. A hydraulic shock absorber comprising an outer tubular member closed at one end, an inner tubular member slidab-ly telescoped in said outer member, end walls respectively for the outward and inward ends of said inner tubular member, rst stuffing means carried by said inner member and establishing duid-tight sliding engagement between it and said outer member thereby forming a first space between the proximate ends of said outer and inner members and said first stufng means, a second stu-ing means closing the outward end of said outer member around said inner member to form a fluid-tight second `space dened between said outer and inner members and said first and second stuing means, means providing permanent communication between the interior of said inner tubular member and said rst space, a iixed quantity of resilient fluid means compressed at greater than atmospheric pressure in said second space and eiective at all times as a main spring means to resist the extension of said inner and outer members and thereby being adapted to expand to return said inner member into said outer member, liquid means within said rst space and within the interior of said inner member, means arranged to throttle the flow through said permanent connection means between the interior of the inner :member and saidr-st space ,as said inner'member is returned yinto said -outer member from an outdrawnposition, a piston freely slidable in said inner tubular member between said respective ,end walls, saidpiston having a passage extending longitudinally therethrough, valve means normally closing said passage, Yand means arranged `ito open said valve means assaid piston moves to a position adjacent vto the outward end wall of said inn-er tubular member, said Valve means comprising a stem arranged to engage the outward end wall in -a manner to open .said Valve means as said piston moves into said position adjacent to said outward end wall.

`CIfIA-lftLllS RAYMOND WASEGE.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 2,154,984 Levy Apr, '18, `1939 2,165,465 Ebrhardt et al July 11, 1939 2,184,260 Sutton Dec. 19, 1939 2,220,546 Saulnier Nov. 5, 1940 2,224,481 Laraque Dec, 10, 1940 1,104,945 Westinghouse July 28, 1914 1,055,164 Green Mar. 4, 1913 2,146,089 Onions .Feb. 7, 1939 FOREIGN PATENTS Number Country Date 825,790 France Dec, 16, 1937 503,789 Great Britain Apr, 13, 1939 Germany Apr. 7, 1924 

